Distinct Serum Protein Pattern in Paranoid Schizophrena

Distinct Serum Protein Pattern in paranoiac SchizophrenaA DISTINCT SERUM PROTEIN PATTERN IN PATIENTS WITH PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIAA1N. A. Timofeyeva1,3, I. V. Alekseeva1,3, S. A. Ivanova2,4, G. G. Simutkin2, A. V. Semke2, I. S. Losenkov2, N. A. Bokhan2, O. S. Fedorova1,3, A. A. Chernonosov1,3*1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Funda kind Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia2 Mental Health query Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical focalise of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia3 Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 4 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, RussiaABSTRACTThe proteomic entree, namely, a combination of 2D colloidal gelatine dielectrolysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight flowerpot spectrometry, is a powerful tool that allows researchers to come in proteins that are polarially expressed in disease states. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental indisposition, whose aetiology is tranq uillize unclear therefore, tuition to the exaltedest degree differences in blood blood serum protein patterns may improve the judgement of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.The goal of this reckoning area was to call the proteomic approach to identify neutered protein levels in the serum samples from patients with schizophrenia. For this study, parentage was collected from 10 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 10 level-headed volunteers. We reveal major changes in the vista of such proteins as apolipoproteins of classes A4 and C3, transthyretin (TTR), and serum mealy A1. Furtherto a greater extent, an increase in typeface was found sole(prenominal) for apolipoprotein A4, whereas the air of apolipoprotein C3, TTR, and serum gritty A1 was decreased. The observe differences in the expression of serum proteins (TTR and serum starchlike) are in good agreement with the results obtained by opposite research groups during analyses of cerebrospinal fluid or po st-mortem brain tissues by separate methods.Key spoken language psychiatric turnover, schizophrenia, A2proteomics, 2D electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, biomarker, serum.IntroductionAlthough in recent years, great progress has been do in reducing mortality and in the treatment of common illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, the mortality caused by mental disorders the Great Compromiser unchanged 1. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness, whose aetiology is still unclear. Schizophrenia is characterised by hallucinations, delusions (positive psychotic symptoms), affective problems A3(negative psychotic symptoms), and cognitive dysfunction 2. A number of hypotheses have been proposed about the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, for example, aberrations A4in the pathways of transmission of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin 3, 4 or pathological changes in embryonic neurogenesis owing to variations in gene neuregulin-1 5, as well as oxidative-stress-m ediated cell damage collectable to get down levels of antioxidant defence enzymes in patients with schizophreniaA5 6. such(prenominal) pathogenesis may be caused by a dysfunction of whatsoever enzymes (proteins) as well as changes of their cadence in the blood of these patients.At the same time, there is no information about differences in serum protein patterns that can be used for typewriting of psychopathologies among individuals at risk of developing psychiatric disorders 7. Diagnosis and nosology depose on symptoms and accumulated clinical observations, and thus far, have been based mostly on interviews with patients and on patients subjective complaints 8. Moreover, current medications still have veridical adverse effects and/or require weeks for therapeutic effects to limpid themselves not all patients respond to current pharmacotherapy 9. In sum, an insufficient understanding of psychiatric disorders at the molecular level and the lack of disease-specific changes in s erum protein patterns prevent optimisation of diagnosis and treatment of such complex psychiatric disorders as schizophreniaA6.The proteomic approach, namely, the combination of 2D gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), allows researchers to reliably identify proteins isolated from military personnel bodily fluids 10, 11. Our exploratory study 12 showed that 2D gel electrophoresis is qualified for isolation of proteins from blood of patients with mental disorders. ThereforeA7, in the prove dress, clinical blood samples from patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were tested to identify numeric differences in the proteomic profile of serum.Results and DiscussionIn this study, we examined blood serum of wellnessy people and patients with paranoid schizophrenia to search for quantitative and/or soft differences in proteins associated with this mental disorder. The use of 2D gel electrophoresis enable s researchers to simultaneously isolate more than 300 protein descry on one gel containing 150 g of protein for subsequent MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis 10, 11. We analysed differences in serum protein patterns by comparing the gels mingled with the patients and healthy controls. The analysis A8of protein patterns in serum was focused on those protein spots that differed in 2D gels in the midst of the patients and healthy controls. Such protein spots were analysed by manner of the Gel-Pro Analyzer parcel and normalised to the sum of three proteins (a, b, for details, see Materials and Methods). These three proteins are isoforms of apolipoprotein L (ApoL) 18. As a result, 15 protein spots were isolated and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS analysis. The list of proteins identified in the NCBI database is shown in table A91. Some proteins haptoglobin, transthyretin (TTR), and apolipoprotein C3 shown in table 1 are present in more than one spot on a gel and have d ifferent pI values. Perhaps this phenomenon is due to various post-translational modifications or partial processing.It was found that only the serum level of ApoA4 was increased (1.8- congregating) as compared to the control group (figure 1a). Our findings support other A10reports on altered protein levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia 19, 20. The decrease in the serum ducking congeneric to the control group was observed for ApoC3 and for ApoC2 in patients with schizophrenia (figure 1b). This downregulation was on average from 1.8- to 3-fold for ApoC3, and smaller for ApoC2 only 1.25-fold. These proteins are synthesised in the liver and are parts of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). Apolipoprotein C2 activates extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase, whereas apolipoprotein C3 can inhibit lipoprotein lipaseFig. 1 Examples of proteins with differential expression in charitable serum are presented in the enlarged sections of the 2DE profile. a) Apo A4 b) Apo C3 an d C2 c) serum starchy A1 d) transthyretin (the protein is present in cardinal spots because of post-translational modifications). Sch schizophrenia.and activate LCAT 21, 22. Previously, it was found that the expression of apolipoproteins is altered in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric disorders 23. The authors found that low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and VLDLs are the most prominent factors differentiating dispirited patients from healthy controls, and that plasma unsaturated lipid concentrations are elevated in the depressed group. Thus, there is growing evidence that deregulated lipid homeostasis may play a common role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.Other proteins with a decreased concentration are serum amyloid A1 and TTR (figure 1c and 1d). Inflammatory amyloid A1 is among the so-called sagacious phase proteins, which have twain direct and indirect bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic properties. According to the stainless theory of inflammation, in the acute phase of inflammation, the serum concentration of amyloid A1 increases 100- to 1000-fold 24, whereas in our study, we observed a 2.3-fold decrease in the serum concentration of this protein in patients with schizophrenia. Perhaps this resultA11 is due to decreased immunity inTable 1. The list of proteins from human serum analysed by 2DE and identified by MALDI-MS/MS after in-gel digestion with trypsin.ProteinNCBIdatabase no.Protein IDpIMW (kDa)Score(individuals/significant)Fold castrate(+/-)*Sch vs control1gi1578315962-antitrypsin5.3744.348/45-1.32 0.22gi338305SP 405.7436.717/10-1.31 0.093gi3337390Haptoglobin6.1438.235/29+1.22 0.134gi114318993Transthyretin (dimer)5.1620.2120/84-1.68 0.255gi11957960Apolipoprotein A45.2828.943/32+1.84 0.166gi223976Haptoglobin hp26.2341.739/20-1.38 0.177gi296653Haptoglobin hp26.2341.518/10-1.42 0.118gi296653Haptoglobin hp26.2541.539/15-1.56 0.249gi4507725Transthyretin5.5215.975/52-1.06 0.1310gi45 07725Transthyretin5.5215.965/60-1.45 0.2311gi4557323Apolipoprotein C35.2310.8112/70-1.85 0.2112gi4557323Apolipoprotein C35.2310.8115/68-3.28 0.1613gi4557323Apolipoprotein C25.4211.2104/78-1.25 0.0814gi40316910Serum amyloid A16.2813.5134/90-2.34 0.0915gi19626079Albumin fragment6.2022.456/40-2.06 0.32The fold change is equal to SPi/SPcontrol, where i is the identification number of a spot. Symbols - and + mean a decrease and increase, respectively. Sch schizophrenia.patients with psychiatric disorders or to the presence of comorbidities. In addition, A12it is come-at-able that a decrease in serum amyloid A1 concentration is relate to downregulation of antioxidant-defence enzymes in patients with schizophrenia 6 because high-density lipoproteins (high-density lipoproteins) inhibit oxidative modification of LDLs via the activity of their associated enzymes and apolipoproteins 25. If HDLs generate so-called dysfunctional HDLs because of accumulation of oxidants derived from an i nflammatory reaction, such HDLs inhibit the HDL-associated antioxidant enzymes and curve the ability of apolipoproteins A1 to promote ABCA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux 25. In the literature, there are data on a strong positive relation between cholesterol levels and pathophysiological features of mood disorders. The link between mental health (brain) and cholesterol is believed to be based on hypothetical neuron-associated mechanisms. Cholesterol is an integral component of the plasma membrane of neurons and is present in myelin. Furthermore, cholesterol performs crucial functions in the development, stability, and workings of the synapse 26. Overall, aberrations in cholesterol in a psychiatric illness may substantially affect the mood via synaptic stability and lowered serotonergic activity.In the case of TTR, we observed a decrease in the serum concentration of its dimer and one of monomeric forms (protein 10 in Table 1) among the patients with schizophrenia (1.7-fold and 1.5-f old, respectively), whereas the serum level of another TTR monomeric form was found to be unchanged relative to the control group (protein 9 in Table 1).TTR is a liver-derived secretory protein and is the major serum carrier of thyroid hormones thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. TTR is also come to in the transport of retinol via an interaction with retinol-binding proteins. Several studies were conducted in an stress to identify disease biomarkers that could advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In some of these studies, a link between TTR and schizophrenia was found 27, 28. In ref. 28, it was estimated that 3% of TTR in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid A13and 10% of TTR in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid are derived from blood. To assess the involvement of blood TTR in the changes observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia, those authors also studied serum TTR levels in the same people (simultaneously with cerebrospinal fluid collection) by an ELISA. They observed a significant moderate decrease in TTR concentration in serum samples of patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Nevertheless, there was no association between cerebrospinal-fluid and serum TTR levels in the same individuals, indicating that the protein levels of TTR are regulated by different systems in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid.ConclusionIn the present study, we identified differentially expressed proteins in the serum from patients with schizophrenia by proteomic analysis. We showed differential expression of such proteins as TTR, serum amyloid A1, and apolipoproteins of classes A4 and C3. Furthermore the increase in the expression was found only for apolipoprotein A4, whereas the expression of apolipoprotein C3, TTR, and serum amyloid A1 was decreased.Such alterations of the expression of these proteins may indicate problems with regulation, for example, in the synthesis. On the other hand, the altered protein expression may simply re flect the pathophysiological status of patients with schizophrenia, where these proteins could be candidates for biomarkers. Nevertheless, to assure the significance of the altered levels of these proteins in the pathogenesis A14of schizophrenia, and to determine their suitability as biomarkers of schizophrenia, get on research is needed.Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the limit of this article.Funding. This research was made possible in part by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (14-15-00480, with the exception of the work corresponding to MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis) and Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (the part of work corresponding to MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis).ReferencesKessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M. 2005 Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders 1990 to 2003. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2515-2523.J. van Os, S. Kapur Schizophrenia. Lancet (Lond. Engl.), 374 (2009), pp. 635-645H. Moore, A.R. West, A.A. Grace. The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 46 (1999), pp. 40-55.M.A. Geyer, F.X. Vollenweider. Serotonin research contributions to understanding psychoses. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 29 (2008), pp. 445-453.E. Bramon, E. Dempster, S. Frangou, M. Shaikh, M. Walshe, F.M. Filbey, C. McDonald, P. Sham, D.A. Collier, R. Murray. Neuregulin-1 and the P300 waveform-a precedent association study using a psychosis endophenotype. Schizophr. Res., 103 (2008), pp. 178-185P.K. Ranjekar, A. Hinge, M.V. Hegde, M. Ghate, A. Kale, S. Sitasawad, U.V. Wagh, V.B. Debsikdar, S.P. Mahadik. Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane substantive polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry Res., 121 (2003), pp. 109-122.Ivanova SA, Fedorenko OYu, Smirnova LP, Semke AV. 2013 Biomarker discovery and development of pharmacogenetic approaches to personal ized therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Siberian vestnik of psychiatry and narcology. 12-16.Turck CW, Maccarrone G, Sayan-Ayata E, Jacob AM. 2005 The following for brain disorder biomarkers. J. Med. Invest. 52, 231-235.Bystritsky A. 2006 Treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Mol. Psychiatry. 11, 805-814.Davalieva K, Kostovska IM, Dwork AJ. 2016 Proteomic research in schizophrenia. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 16, (doi 10.3389). knob PC, Guest FL, Martins-de Souza D. 2016 Making sence of blood-based proteomics and metabolomics in psychiatric research. Int.J. of Neuropsychopharmacology. 719-728.Alekseeva IV, Timofeeva NA, Chernonosov AA, Ivanova SA, Bokhan NA, Fedorova OS. 2013 Use of two-dimensional electrophoresis for proteomic studies of serum from patients with mental disorders. Vestnik of Novosibirsk State University. Series Biology, Clinical Medicine. 11, 56-60.Pei I, Dihazi GH, Mller GA, Jahn O, Hoffmann M, Eltoweissy M, Koziolek M, Dihazi H. 2011 short increase of glucose co ncentration in PDS results in extensive removal and high glycation level of vital proteins during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 2674-83.Giuliano S, Agresta AM, De Palma A, Viglio S, Mauri P, Fumagalli M, et al. 2014 Proteomic Analysis of Lymphoblastoid Cells from Nasu-Hakola Patients A Step Forward in Our Understanding of This Neurodegenerative Disorder. PLoS ONE. 9(12) e110073. (doi10.1371/ daybook.pone.0110073).Candiano G, Bruschi M, Musante L, Santucci L, Ghiggeri GM. 2004 Blue silver a very sensitive colloidal Coomassie G-250 staining for proteome analysis. Electrophoresis. 25, 1327-1333.Brauner JM, Groemer TW, Stroebel A, Grosse-Holz S, Oberstein T, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. 2014 Spot quantification in two dimensional gel electrophoresis image analysis comparison of different approaches and presentation of a novel compound fitting algorithm. BMC Bioinformatics. 15, 181-193.Perkins DN, Pappin DJ, Creasy DM, Cottrell JS. 1999 P robability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Electrophoresis. 20, 3551-3567.Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Zinellu E, De Muro P, Piredda F, Guarino A, Spirito R, Carta F, Turrini F, Formato M. 2013 Proteomic analysis of plasma-purified VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions from atherosclerotic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy identification of serum amyloid A as a potential marker. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013, 1-11.Aphkhazava D, Nieves E, Callaway M, Olszewski W, Rotzschke O, Santambrogio L. 2013 Protein expression profiles of human lymph and plasma mapped by 2D-DIGE and 1D SDS-PAGE coupled with nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS bottom-up proteomics. J Proteomics. 78, 172-187. disgusted CLa Y, Zhu H, Jiang L, Chen Y, Feng G, Li H, Sang H, Hao X, Zhang G, He L. 2007 Abnormal changes of plasma acute phase proteins in schizophrenia and the relation between schizophrenia and haptoglobin (Hp) gene. amino Acids Amino Acids 1, 101-108.Eck el RH. 1989 Lipoprotein lipase a multifunctional enzyme relevant to common metabolic diseases. N.Eng.J.Med. 320, 1060-1068.Wang HEckel RH. 2009 Lipoprotein lipase from gene to obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 297, 271-288.Zheng P, Gao HC, Li Q, Shao WH, Zhang ML, Cheng K, Yang de Y, cull out SH, Chen L, Fang L, Xie P. 2012 Plasma metabonomics as a novel diagnostic approach for major depressive disorder. J. Proteome Res. 11, 1741-8. doi 10.1021/pr2010082.BaumannH. 1994 The acute phase response. J. Gauldie Immunologie Today. 2, 74-80.Vohnout, B., de Gaetano, G., Donati, M. B. and Iacoviello, L. (2011) The Relationship between Dyslipidemia and Inflammation, in Nutritional and Metabolic Bases of Cardiovascular Disease (eds M. Mancini, J. M. Ordovas, G. Riccardi, P. Rubba and P. Strazzullo), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. doi 10.1002/9781444318456.ch26Chattopadhyay A, Paila YD. 2007 Lipid-protein interactions, regulation and dysfunction of brain cholesterol. Biochem. Biophys. R es. Commun. 16, 627-33.Wan C, Yang Y, Li H, La Y, Zhu H, Jiang L, Chen Y, Feng G, He L. 2006 Dysregulation of retinoid transporters expression in body fluids of schizophrenia patients. J. Proteome Res. 5, 3213-3216.Huang JT, Leweke FM, Oxley D, Wang L, Harris N, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM, Gross S, Schreiber D, Reed B, Bahn S. 2006 Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. PLoS Med. 3, (e428).A1Dear Author,Please dont forget to update the title in all supporting documents and correspondence.It often happens that after the nomenclature editing, coauthors make additions to the manuscript also, some of the corrections are rejected. As a result, the manuscript that is submitted to the journal may contain 5-10 unused errors. My advice is to send me the manuscript for a cursorily check on the day of the submission to the journal. I can use the automatic compare documents function of Word to find all new changes and to correct them quickly. I will also issue a award after this final check, and you can insert the sentence (optional) The English language was corrected and certified by shevchuk-editing.com. into Acknowledgments.A2Please do not include keywords that other researchers are unlikely to use when searching for articles.A3Affective disorders are depression and bipolar disorder.A4Please be careful with the words abnormal and abnormality when referring to a persons health status because they may be insulting to patients.A5Please note that this is a more polite form.A6Please avoid creating unusual abbreviations and single-word abbreviations because they make a text harder to contract (well-known abbreviations such as DNA and official gene symbols are OK). The only valid reason for creating an abbreviation is the following a broad multiword expression (4 or more long words) that occurs more than 4 times in the text. Even in this case, it is better to avoid abbreviating. It is easy to write in abbreviations but it i s difficult to decipher such a text.A7Please avoid creating long sentences because they are hard to read.A8Please note that the word study usually means the exclusively manuscript.A9The typical format is TableA10Please keep in head that the word previous is redundant in this context because all create studies are previous. It is OK to say previous when you discuss your own primitively studies.A11Please dont use the words which or this as a substitute for the substantial sentence or a statement. This usage is vague and confusing because some people will think that this or which refers to the last word, not the whole statement. Therefore, it is better to use a descriptive phrase instead.A12Its not a good idea to start a sentence with such words as and, but, also, or, so in a formal text.A13Please dont create abbreviations at the end of the article, after the full form was already used umteen times.A14= mechanism

Stereotypical Gender Characteristics

Stereotypical sex CharacteristicsHow Stereotypical sex Characteristics argon Shaped by SocietyGener in al acey, when equivalence the goings between manfuls and fe males, you immediately think of their biological personate originates. However, there is another(prenominal) way to distinctiate males and females by their behaviours. Males and females be commonly associated with opposing characteristics. That is to range, custody are world(a)ly nailn as being practically aggressive bandage wo custody are associated to being to a greater extent nurturing (Shaw, one hundred fifty class lecture, Oct 19). What is it exactly that creates this difference in behaviour? Some sociologists suggest that it is due to biological factors. However, I believe that these differences in behaviour are the result of societys influences. The social operation known as sexual activity culture is established in aboriginal childhood and further developed and supported throughout life (Shaw , 150 class lecture, Oct 19). At an other(a) age, you are introduced to gender differences by your parents. end-to-end your childhood and adolescence, these gender roles are supported by the media, the directs and your peers. If you consider more or less of the other cultures in the world you bequeath notice that the behaviours of the males and females there arent the same(p) as what we deliver here in North America (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). I believe that gender isnt defined by ones biological sex hardly rather the stereotypical behaviours that are constructed by society. In this essay, I all toldow for be ad gear uping a few important agents of socialization and their impact in constructing these stereotypical gender roles.Parents The first agent of socialization From the mo handst you entered this world, your parents utilize social and cultural stereotypes about femininity and masculinity on to you (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). They did so by pre-selecting the colours of your room, your wardrobe, the toys you bid with and when you were old enough, they designated certain chores for you to do (Peters, 1994). alone these factors played a crucial role in the gender socialization process. For all you girls, your parents probably gave you a pink room, made you wear dresses and gave you dolls and easy-bake ovens to play with. They probably described you as being pretty, cute, pleasantness or angelic rather than being tough, rugged or strong (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). In a study about the distribution of chores at home, the male childs were more alike(p)ly to end up with maintenance, yard and car drill where as girls were more likely to be given housework like laundry and dishwashing (Peters, 1994). Because of this designation, boys and girls grow up performing the tasks that they are more familiar with. When you consider the types of toys that parents buy for their children, you will notice a general trend. Boys tend to get cars, trucks, building b locks and natural process figures (Martin, 1998). The toy cars and trucks establish an early interest in vehicles. The building blocks copy construction work and architecture. The action figures not only suggest bodily play but they in any case illustrate the ideal system image of men. If you look at the male action figures these days, they all illustrate exaggerated muscular characteristics (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). It is likewise for the girls. However, rather of getting cars and blocks, they get Barbie dolls and baby simulation dolls. The Barbie dolls had equally exaggerated body images. They left the impression that girls require have ultra thin figures (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). These toys all served a common purpose of establishing what it means to be a boy and a girl. Parents also had control over what movies and TV shows they treasured their kids to watch. This leads to the next agent of socialization the media.The Subtle Messages Expressed by the Media The media ha s a very strong influence in gender socialization. When I say the media, I am referring to Disney movies, Saturday morning cartoons and video games. Disney movies were a huge part of every childhood. In a video regarding the gender stereotypes portrayed in Disney films, men and women were commonly portrayed in regards to their stereotypes (Shaw, 150 Lecture). That is to say, men were all illustrated as brave, muscular, aggressive people who always save the day with physical violence. Women were portrayed as being thin, delicate, protagonistless people who always needed to be saved by the males. Children are very impressionable, so of contrast they will want to be just like their favourite Disney characters. How will they go about doing this? By emulating these stereotypical behaviours. Cartoons and video games only help to support these stereotypes (Dietz, 1998). In cartoons and video games, you are more likely to see male protagonists who save the day. Also, you are very likely t o see females each as the support character who cheers on the male protagonist on his goals or as the helpless damsel in distress. flick games are no different. Take the Mario brother for example. Here you see devil male heroes who have to save a princess from a monster. Movies, cartoons and video games are all the same in the sense that they either lack representation or misinterpret females (Butler, Ciccone, Petrin, Rawlings, Yi, 2002).Peer Pressure and the Hidden Curriculum The next study agents of socialization are the peers and the school. It is through the parents and media that the gender roles are learned. It is at school with teachers and friends that these gender roles are reinforced. In the study conducted by Martin (1998), she ascertained the free-and-easy behaviours of pre-school students. Martin noticed that the boys tended to play with building blocks where as the girls liked to play dress up. When it came to clothing, boys wore primary colours, black, green an d orange (Martin, 1998). Girls were commonly seen to be wearing pink. It was detect that about 61% of the girls in the class were wearing pink and close to 25% were wearing dresses. The girls were frequently complimented by the teacher as aspect very pretty and cute (Martin, 1998). Another aspect that Martin examined was the typical sitting behaviour of the children. This was classified as being either relaxed or ballock. It was observed that 80% of the boys sat relaxed while 82% of the girls sat in a formal manner (Martin, 1998). Martin also noticed that the teacher reinforced formal sitting behaviour more strongly for the girls than for the boys. Not only were the teachers reinforcement appropriate gender behaviours but fellow peers were as well. In this situation, one little girl wearing a dress-like shirt is leaning her body over to create a tunnel. As she leans, her shirt rises up exposing her back. This is when another female student comes and pulls the shirt back over h er scanty skin and gives it a pat to keep it in place (Martin, 1998). This illustrates two things one of them is that fellow peers reinforce the appropriate gender behaviours and that these appropriate behaviours are already imbedded into children at a very young age.These appropriate gender behaviours are continually followed and further developed throughout elementary, secondary and gestate secondary. In an experiment conducted on university students (Haaland Schaefer, 2009), students were asked to behave in ways that they regarded to be violating gender norms. Even at the university level, these students identified the same associating gender behaviours as they would have in their childhood.Cultural Differences Lead to Differences in Gender Behaviours Although you whitethorn believe that all males and females act as we expect them to, you are not entirely correct (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). Gender behaviours vary from culture to culture. An anthropologist by the bear on of Mar garet Mead explains her findings in favour of gender socialization. If biology did in fact repair the differences between the sexes then cross-cultural differences, like the ones that Mead encountered, should not exist (Haaland Schaefer, 1998). In her studies of three different cultures in New Guinea she noticed that the behaviours of the males and females differed rather significantly (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). Mead describes the typical behaviours of the three culturesIn one the Arapesh, both men and women act as we expect women to act-in a mild parental responsive way in the second the Mundugumor, both act as we expect men to act-in a fierce initiating fashion and in the third the Tchambuli, the men act according to our stereotypes for women-are catty, wear curls, and go shopping-while the women are energetic, managerial, unadorned partners.As we can see, the different cultures are a crucial factor in determining the differences in behaviours between the sexes. If males and f emales were biologically meant to act and think in a certain way, then there wouldnt be so much variation between cultures.Conclusion In North America, we have the knowledge that males need to be aggressive, macho and muscular while females are thinner, small and more nurturing. These perceptions are taught to us at an early age and are reinforced throughout our lives. Starting from childhood, we begin to learn about and emulate these gender behaviours. With the help of our parents, Disney movies, toy figures, school and peers, these gender behaviours are more strongly embedded into our minds. Gender differences are constructed by societys influences. Mead clearly observed the presence of cultural conditioning and its effects on the three different cultures in New Guinea. Although our sexes are biologically defined, the way we associate our behaviours and characteristics are not. Our socialized genders are defined by the culture and society that surrounds us.BibliographyButler, A. , Ciccone, A., Petrin, M., Rawlings, T., Yi, W. (2002). Gender Role Socialization and Inequality. 360-361. Retrieved from http//www.oise.utoronto.ca/CASAE/cnf2002/2002_Papers/rtbutler_aetal2002w.pdf Dietz, T. L. (1998). An Examinationof Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behaviour. Sex Roles. (38). 425-442. Retrieved from http//springerlink.metapress.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/r326135512365r40/fulltext.pdf Haaland, B., Schaefer, R. T. (2009). Sociology A apprise introduction. (3rd Canadian Ed.). Canada McGraw-Hill. Martin, K. A. (1998). Becoming a Gendered Body Practices of Preschools. American Sociology Review. (63) 494-511.Peters, J. F. (1994). Gender socialization of adolescents in the home research and discussion. Retrieved from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n116_v29/ai_16477249/

What Is Knowledge According To Plato Philosophy Essay

What Is Knowledge According To Plato Philosophy EssayPlato had a strong belief that what we get along in this life is recollected acquaintance that was obtained in a former life, and that our soul has all the experience in this world, and we cons genuine new things by recollecting what the soul already knew in the first place. Plato offers ternary utterances of knowledge and he puts Socrates to reject all three of them. Platos first observation is that avowedly belief is knowledge. Socrates rejects this by stating that when a jury believes the accused to be guilty by just hearing the prosecuting attorneys argument, rather than of any concrete evidence, it assholenot be known if a defendant is guilty even if he is guilty. The jurys true belief is therefore not knowledge.The second observation is that knowledge and wisdom argon the same. Socrates rejects this by saying that we can perceive without wise(p) and we can know without perceiving. For example, we can see and hear a croak without us knowing what or where it is coming from. If we can perceive without knowing, and so knowledge cannot be the same as perception.Platos third observation is that true belief along with a logical account is knowledge, but true belief without a logical account is different from knowledge. The only job with this observation is the word account. every last(predicate) the interpretations of the word account are not valid for this argument.These observations are a great example of attacking the low theories of knowledge, but Plato never confounds a complete effect on what is the definition of knowledge.Plato preferred truth as the highest survey, stating that it could be found through cause and logic in discussion. He called this dialectic. Plato preferred rationality rather than act uponivated appeal, for the purpose of persuasion, discovery of truth, and as the determinant of action. To Plato, truth was the higher good, and every person should find the truth t o guide his or her life.Platos doctrine of anamnesis says that rather than learning in the common sense, what is actually happening when concourse are thinking about a problem, and find a firmness of purpose to that problem, is that they are recollecting things that they already knew. The reason that Plato came up with this theory was because of the learners paradox. The learners paradox is that how can someone learn something if they dont even know what it is. As Meno points out if we dont know what something is then how will we know when we have it? When, for example, we say that we dont know what 946308 shared out by 22 is, how can it be that we can find the answer to be 43014? If we dont already know that 946308 / 22 = 43014 then when someone tells us this we should not be able to know that answer is right.Aristotle also believes that knowledge is a form of recollection. He believes that there are universal causes and event causes, however, unlike Plato he believes that pa rticulars carry an essence of the form. The four-spot causes, or what makes an purpose what it is, are its efficient, temporal, ceremonious, and final causes. The efficient cause is the primary source of the change. The material cause is the material of which it consists. The formal cause is its form. The final cause is its take or purpose. Using the example of a skyscraper, the efficient cause is the act of building the skyscraper, the material cause is the material used to build it, the formal cause is the blueprint, and the final cause is using the skyscraper as a skyscraper. Everything has these four causes, but substantially changing any of them will cause the skyscraper to misplace its skyscraperness. If you know all of a particulars causes, you know its essence. Everything has to have a cause.To truly understand something, we essential know its explanation and that it cannot be otherwise. Demonstration must be from things that are true because deducing something from a falsehood would not give understanding of it. Things that are less general and closer to perception are prior(prenominal) relative to us. Things that are more general and further from perception are prior by nature. Demonstrations must be from things that are prior by nature. The premises of demonstrations must give the reason why the windup is true.Aristotle defines syllogism as a discourse in which, certain things having been say, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so. One syllogism that he used was Socrates is a man, All men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal.Plato and Aristotles understanding of knowledge are laudatory in that they both believe knowledge is obtained by recollection. Also, they both value truth as the best behavior to obtain knowledge. What makes it contradictory is that Aristotle goes deeper into the affair of knowledge by stating that particulars have to carry an essence of the form and give s four causes that aid in finding the essence. Therefore, their understanding of knowledge is both eulogistic and contradictory.I think we have abandoned the dialectical and demonstrative methods to a certain extent, but not completely. Most classes teach in the way that sophists teach, by just giving us the facts. An example could be my college algebra class, that teaches me how to do a problem but it doesnt tell me why it is like that. precisely then we have other classes, for example Mr. Hindmans classes, that do use those 2 methods. I think we need to incorporate these valuable methods more into our humankind school systems and it might help in raising grades up.

The International Tourist Destination Tourism Essay

The International Tourist Destination touristry EssayTourism after p dodge be traced back to centuries but because the elements of the product and conditions of the market place perplex changed so enormously in the last fewer decades thither has been a corresponding requirement for a change in the business methods. This has have to the use of touring carry swop. Tourism industry over the last few years has had an accelerated growth.Destinations come in all shapes and sizes and can be found in variety of geographical settings such(prenominal) as in urban, rural and coastal environment. Destinations can be a collection of countries or a district severalize, county or coastline. They can often be viewed in both a supply or demand context. Destinations be contentedness to artificial divides that ignore the needs of the consumer and the expectations of the holidaymaker.The supply sided definition of reference is a well-defined geographical ara which is understood by its c onsultor as a unique entity with a political and legislative modeling for tourism market and planning. (Buhalis, 2000) whereas the demand sided definition is a place towards which people last and where they choose to stay for a while in order to visualize certain features or characteristics. (Buhalis, 2000)This paper presents a theoretical framework of tragedy management in a end with the merchandise strategies in tourism. The initial part of the essay would discuss on general views on terms, marketing strategies and contingencys. The second part concentrates on marketing strategies of Kerala as a last and how marketing strategies can be used to mitigate negative impacts of disasters in a termination.IntroductionAll destinations agree similar characteristics. The success of a tourist destination depends on the quality of the basic essentials they offer to tourists videlicet haulages, amenities and accessibility (Holloway and Taylor 2006).Each and e precise get upat ion has to operate within a market environment. This environment is do up of different levels of influence that result affect the opportunities and the marketing decisions that need to be make. The conditions affecting competition and contestation in company markets, the values of stakeholder groups, the political, social, economical, social and technological changes of the wider environment.For a destination to be productive and stay ahead in the industry, the officials and stakeholders must rail and implement new strategies. As per Johnsons and Scholes (1993) dodge is the manoeuvreion and scope of an organization over the long term ideally which matches its resources to its changing environment and in different markets, customers or clients so as to meet the stakeholders expectations.Different drop dead companies hold up similar marketing strategies for a destination. Any company in-order to form a marketing dodge has to first understand the particular destinations streng ths, weakness, opportunities purchasable and threats. When talking about managing and marketing a tourist destination it is genuinely alpha to keep in mind the 15 Cs framework namely Complexity, Control, Change, Crisis, Communication, Complacency, Customers, Culture, Competition, Commodification, Creativity, Channels, Cyberspace, Consolidation, Collaboration (Fyall et all).Marketing MixTo make a successful marketing strategy sensation has to understand the 4 Ps of marketing pay heed in namely product, price, promotion and place. Kotler and Armstrong (2005) indicate that marketing mix is one of the key concepts in modern marketing theory. They defined marketing mix as the step of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the rejoinder it wants in the target market. Firstly we would have a look at the 4 Ps of marketing mix.ProductThe effectiveness of planning the marketing mix depends as much on the ability to select the right field target marke t as on the skill in forge a product offer. It is really difficult to talk about a product (destination) as one complete entity hence to understand a product in a let on way McCarthy (1978) divided it into quatern different levels namely the core product, the facilitating product, supporting product and the augmented product. on with it comes, services offered and the quality of the product which differs according to the product and customer/ leaf nodes expectation. It is very important for an organisation to decide on the range of products to be offered to a particular target market. Brand name likewise plays a major(ip) role in the marketing of a product, a customer/guest travelling to a place may differ in scathe of preference, necessities. Apart from the customers point of view for a destination for which customers be impulsive to pay high amounts it is very important to maintain the standards of services and suffer customers basic necessities.People often purchase a familiar label as they are comfortable with familiar things. there are assumptions made by customers that a familiar brand would be reliable and of comely quality. An unknown brand often has limited chances. (Aaker, 1991 19)PriceThe pricing constitution selected for a product (destination) is often directly related to the performance of its approaching demand. Pricing decisions is often considered the hardest part of the marketing mix strategy.PromotionIt is a very important activity that tourists organisations or tourists board perform in order to influence potential customers. It is likewise important to influence trade contacts such as retail agents, suppliers and opinion formers such as journalists and travel critics. Advertising plays a major role in terms of promotion as it helps is changing attitudes and builds an image in the customers mind. Sales promotion is some other method which adds value to the product. Another method of promotion is personal sell where in a direct contact with the customer is established. evening there is a growing use of sponsorship and direct marketing which many organisations are using.Place/DistributionTourism is an intangible product hence no transfer of ownership takes place notwithstanding services are rented or consumed. A distribution system is the mix of channels used to pee access, or inwardness by which a tourism service is made available to the potential consumers of the product. thither has been a constant growth in the central reservation system and the global distribution system which has shrunk the man and has got the customer closer to the product.However later on Booms and Bitner (1981) argued that the marketing mix of four Ps is not comprehensive enough for the tourism and cordial reception industry, so they addedthree much than clauses which are people, physical evidence and process.Tourism as an industry is not only affected by disasters but likewise is a cause for disasters which in tu rn affect the tourists flow. electric shocks of Tourismstinting Impact of TourismTourism has been traditionally viewed as a great(p) force in promoting understanding among nations and within the national boundaries facilitating emotional integration. However, its economic importance is less crudely understood. It is only in the recent years, in particular the latter half of the 20th century that tourism has been recognized as an important catalyst for economic development. It is in terms of its constituent to employment generation, foreign exchange earnings, income generation and output growth that tourism has significant impact on the economy. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU 2002)Environmental Impact of TourismDifferent kinds of tourism activities affect the immanent and built environment. There is a complex interaction between tourism and the environment. Many studies have shown that tourism has an immense impact on the physical environment, and that little has been do to remedy or control the assault on the ecology. This is especially reprehensible in view of the fact that a major part of tourism depends on nature mountains, beaches, deserts, forests, wildlife, water bodies and the like. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU 2002)Socio-cultural Impact of TourismAmong the most debated issues pertaining to tourism are those related to the effects that tourists and the industry have on societies and cultures of local anaesthetic communities. A general argument is that tourism contributes to instauration-wide understanding and harmony. On the contrary, it has severely affected indigenous customs and ship canal of life in certain grimaces. Tourists are seldom well prompt for an foreignist encounter which is vastly different from their own. Their knowledge, in most cases, is cursory, that is glamorised images from shiny travel brochures, movies and similar material. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU 2002)Disaste rDisaster is a calamitous event which often leads to great damages which can be physical (affecting the nature and life) or can affect the business environment. (Oxford dictionary). Disasters are of two types namely Natural and Man-made disasters.Tourism has frequently been subjected to instinctive disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis and earthquakes for example Hurricane Katrina on the north central disconnect Coast of the USA in 2005, the tsunami in 2004 off the coast of Indonesia and earthquakes in Taiwan in 1999 and San Francisco in 1989. The immediate effect leads to destruction of the tourist infrastructure and fall in customer demands. In addition to direct effect, destinations may suffer long term damage by perceptions in travel-risk. The earths climate has drastically changed in recent times and is predicted to change in the future. Directly and indirectly tourism is influencing the climate by about 80% (Gossling et al., 2005).Tourism is not only susceptible to native d isasters it is also affected by celluloid disasters, such as outbreak of war, political unrest, act of terrorism for example political unrest in Libya, Terrorism attacks in Mumbai, India in 2007. Tourists generally perceive acts of terrorism to be higher risk than natural disasters when travelling. The perception of travel related risks have has changed during recent times as a result of change in the magnitude and frequency of the attacks.Kerala a major tourist destination in IndiaKerala, Gods own country is one of the favourite destinations for tourists in the world. It is situated on the south-western part of India with a coastline of 580km. It is celebrated for eco-tourism go-aheads and growing at a rate of 13.31%. In the year 2008, 23.57% of get tourists were from United Kingdom, France and Germany. USA accounted for 8.72% of total tourists visiting Kerala in the year 2008.Kerala became 50 must see places in the lifetime to visit (National Geographic Travel, 2004) and als o awarded in super brand award for 101 strongest brands in India by super brands India in the Year 2007. Tourism has emerged as the major tax income generating business to government of Kerala which has contributed almost 8% of the total employment directly and indirectly. The most important turning point in the state of Kerala was the private-public league to promote tourism in Kerala.Marketing of Kerala as a destinationBackwater is the major tourist attraction of Kerala, however enjoying beaches with Ayurvedha is also one of the major attractions for tourists today. The government of Kerala is now trying to brand the medical tourism initiative which is turning out to be a great success as loads of people from many different countries are travelling to Kerala for better health care. There is also an emphasis on traditional art forms like Kathakali, Theyyam, etc which are pulling interests of travellers interested in arts. Kerala tourism is focussed more towards mass media adverti sements and PR activities which help in attracting many tourists. Kerala also in terms of pricing is considered in a few of the loud places for tourists in India. Hence it is very clear that the 4 Ps of marketing mix Place, Product, Price, Promotions.Kerala as a destination is influenced by natural and man-made disasters both.It has been observed that over the past three decades the predominant style of tourism in the region has been based almost exclusively on the attraction of the climate and of beaches. International visitors simply like visiting the beach and visit the back waters, the government has had an economic commitment to make to satisfying international demand by providing a coastal tourism product (UNECLAC, 2003). However the coastal range is prone to direct and immediate risk as when we look back from the year 2000 there has been a lot of natural disasters such as Hurricanes, storms, Tsunami, Floods, etc.Similarly when we look at the man-made disasters the Indian Su b continent is very prone to it from the Kargil war in 1999 to different terrorism attacks in Parliament building (New delhi) in 2001 and the Taj Hotel onslaught (Mumbai) in 2008 or be it the global recession. All these affect the tourist flow in a particular destination.Strengths and WeaknessThere are a few weakness and many strengths of the above mentioned marketing strategy done by the government of Kerala. Firstly we would discuss weaknesses of the strategy followed by the strengths.WeaknessesThere is an inadequate infrastructure to match the expectations of the tourist who travel to Kerala which means limited number of hotels, restaurants and limited space. The government has tough airline policies such as keeping in mind Kerala does not have an international airport as one of the major informant of tourist revenue. There is no proper waste management system which can turn over cause for many natural disasters. There is a shortage of cash available for growth of tourism whi ch can often lead to ontogeny of tourists and can lead to many other man-made disasters which is very common in Goa now-a-days.StrengthsOne good thing about the government of Kerala is that they are smooth operators of law and order which helps in confronting any man-made disaster to happen. The people of Kerala are involved by the government in the tourism industry which leads to broader thinking and leads to development of knowledge of disaster management in the people. The quality of life also improves of the local people, it is also noted that Kerala is the only society in the world which has 100% literacy rate. The current marketing strategy promotes Kerala as a destination and has made such an image even if there is a miss happening in the country, tourists would still flow in considering Keralas law and order universe so rigid. In case of any natural disaster it is very obvious that it is a destination that can ascertain in one single days time. unconstipated during the T sunami, Kerala recovered itself very easily whereas other destinations adjoining Kerala took time to recover from the shock.ConclusionKerala tourism is one of the super brand in the world of tourism. But the government is currently focussing on mass media tools although it is being properly put together but the government should focus more on direct marketing as the major revenue generator is the domestic market. Direct marketing can be considered to be more effective for brand building and very cost efficient as compared to mass media promotions. Word of mouth is being considered one of the most important tool of marketing now-a-days. Apart from these strategies the government also can conduct events based campaigns keeping in mind the various festivals in the state itself like Pongal, famous boat race. Furthermore it can also be recommended that encouraging local people to participate in decision-making process, training the guides and the local people, appreciate people of differ ent profession and allocate special areas for the amicable co-existence, maintaining the control on the prices of goods and quality of services. The government should take extra travel and encourage private investors to invest and promote tourism in a destination which would in turn lead to improvements in the infrastructure of the destination which is one of the most important thing for a destination in order to attract more tourists.

Dissection of Microrna-30Ds Function Roles

Dissection of Microrna-30Ds Function RolesDISSECTION OF MICRORNA-30DS FUNCTION ROLES IN MAMMALIAN PANCREATIC-BETA CELLSByYiping MaoABSTRACTMicroRNAs (miRNAs) argon a group of scurvy non- code RNAs (about 21-22 nucleotides long) that picturesque tune marker protein output through messenger RNA abjection or inhibition of its comment. recent studies showing that miRNAs and their routine comp acents respond to electric cellular stress to maintain regular(a) state physiology of the cells. Since there atomic number 18 thousands of microRNAs real in all sympathetic of cells, their useful characterization during the normal states or stress conditions is not amply addressed yet.In this thesis, important aspects of pancreatic -cell function under normal or stress condition much(prenominal) as apoptosis, proliferation, insulin intersection and release and their regulation by the miRNA were explored. Pancreatic -cell is a group of insulin producing cells and plays critical role in maintaining glucose he aboutasis. By combining reverse and cell line brokertic approaches, spicy-throughput deep sequencing, a list of cell assays and molecular techniques, we have shed light on the novel roles of miR-30d, one highly expressed miRNA when -cell responding to high glucose stimulus, in regulating -cell passel on the middle aged mice. We present that everyplaceexpress of miR-30d deteriorated glucose gross profit superpower of the mice with or without high fat diet treatment by signifi advisetly reducing the -cell mass with less insulin production. Additionally, we exhibit that the reduced -cell mass is because both apoptosis road and proliferation pathway have been effected by miR-30d by targeting variety of protein factors expression. BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and cyclin E2 (CCNE2) have been respectively confirmed as miR-30ds targets and the effect of their regulation by miR-30d in pancreatic -cell proliferation or apoptosis aspects have been address ed as advantageously. Further much, we could show that silencing of miR-30d in MIN6 cell (-cell mimicking cell line) by CRISPR-CAS9 ingredient redact system promotes the insulin secernment, which is through potentiated expression of MAFA, an insulin ar setment factor. These studies uncovered novel functional roles of the miR-30d pathway in mediating -cell function and fate. Further dissection of these pathways shall uncover some(prenominal) mechanisms by which the -cells undertake to maximize their efficiency during disease states such as T2D.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND1.1 The Brief History of Diabetes and ResearchLong in front terming diabetes, which means to pass through by Greek Apollonius of Memphis in 250 BCE and the re-discovery of honey-like-urine (glycosuria) by Thomas Willis, who included the term mellitus, Diabetes has discovered its primary saying rough 1500 B.C. in an Egyptian manuscript. It was perceived as a disease link with too great emptying of t he urine (polyuria). Later, important discoveries includes Matthew Dobsons front evidence of elevated urine and blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) in people with diabetes (Dobson, 1776). In 1889, Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski were the first to give evidence that pancreas removal in dogs shitd diabetes, proposing that pancreas functional link to glucose levels. Afterward, Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer proposed that diabetes could be brought on by losing a pancreatic chemical, which he named as insulin in 1910 (Polonsky, 2012). taken together, diabetes is currently well recognized as a gathering of heterogeneous disorders characterized by hyperglycemia because of loss of insulin or its effectiveness. genuine worldwide trends demonstrate a surprising 382 million individuals have diabetes and this is predicted to grow to 592 million by the year 2035 (IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2013). The cases of diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease a nd renal failure ar constantly rising and the death rate because of those are worsen every year.Claude Bernards identification of liver as the major glucose production organ led to the first concept of homeostasis which has been termed and expanded by Walter Bradford in the mid-nineteenth century, to describe the maintaining of steady-state physiology of the cells (Robin, 1979). This gave the notion that actually the disturbed glucose homeostasis is one of the important events of the diabetes progression. presumptuousness the evidences of insulin is involved in maintaining the glucose homeostasis, Frederick banteng and Charles Best integrated a serial of scientific approaches, and were able to purify the insulin from the pancreas. Moreover, they successfully treated the patients who suffer from the diabetes, with their purified insulin (Banting Best, 1922 Banting et al., 1922). This landmark finding set the stage for treating the severe diabetes with insulin. However, it has bee n almost a century now since the first time insulin was discovered and purified, diabetes remains the incurable disease, requires life-time attention and treatment because of its complexity.Diabetes has been classified as a couple diametric types nowadays, the major dickens types are cognize as the Type I Diabetes (T1D) or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and Type II Diabetes (T2D) or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). Surprisingly, these two major types has been notified as early as 100-200 B.C by Indian physicians (Kahn, 1994). However, the first scientific evidence was brought by Wilhelm Falta and Harold Himsworth afterwards they set the standardized glucose/insulin tolerance test in human to distinguish the insulin sensitive from non-sensitive patients (Himsworth, 1936). Insulin dependent T1D is feature in insufficient insulin production due to autoimmune response to the pancreatic beta-cells and it in the main affects young kids. T2D is more descri bed as a metabolic syndrome with emergence of insulin resistance and obesity etc, and it is more common among adults (Moller, 2001). There is a complex network of several insulin responding tissues contributes to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, and of course any constipation in this network induces the progression of T2D. Besides the metabolic relevant tissues, the gene-interactions overly play critical roles in the instruction of T2D and obesity such kind of metabolic diseases (Doria et al., 2008).1.2 The Islet Architecture, -cell Fate determinationThe islets of Langerhans are superfluousized endocrinal part of pancreas and are the only part producing the secreting hormones. They basically comprise of unhomogeneous cell sorts named , , , PP, and that secret the islet hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, polypeptide Y, and ghrelin individually, and these hormones are required to maintain the glucose homeostasis at normal or stress state. Furthermore, the islets are known to have high-power and plastic architecture that is proposed to be adjusted over the time of development (Steiner et al., 2010). During the progression of insulin resistance, pregnancy or T2D, the islets extend in size to apply up for expanded insulin requirement (Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2004 Kim et al., 2009). But afterwards, there is a vast loss of -cell mass because of environmental or genetic factors, inducing the undecomposed hyperglycemia in cause of insulin deficiency.While islets count to just 1-2% of the intact pancreas, the insulin producing -cells represent 65-80% of the islet mass, constituting to roughly 2% of pancreatic weight. Furthermore, the rest otherwise cell types are considered as non -cells of the islets (Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2013). During the development, these distinctive cell types are known to emerge from a single progenitor cell that producing Neurogenin3 or Ngn3, a transcription factor that decides endocrine cell destiny (Edlund, 2002). Af terwards, other transcription factors, for example, Pdx1, Pax4, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, MafA, and Foxo1 help the -cell fate determination (Ziv et al., 2013). While it had been learned as that -cells proliferate by self-duplication from old -cells instead of differentiation from stem cell (Dor et al., 2004), near other study suggested that multipotent cells at heart the pancreas could differentiate into -cells as well (Xu et al., 2008). The latter study is also confirmed by explorees showing how expressing the -cell particularized transcription factors in non -cell could trigger a -cell lineage in mice (Collombat et al., 2009 Al-Hasani et al., 2013). Recent studies additionally showing that non- cells, for example, -and -cells could experience transdifferentiation into -like cells when the mice is suffering from significant -cell loss (Thorel et al., 2010 Chera et al., 2014). On the other hand, a few researches demonstrate that the -cells can likewise fall behind their fate or dediffere ntiate into non- or progenitor cells when losing any of the previously mentioned -cell particular transcription factor (Ziv et al., 2013). Moreover, a current study present that human -cells are capable of converting into -cells with no genetic modification (Spijker et al., 2013). Taken together, all these researches have showed that the dynamic plasticity of islet cells.1.3 Glucose Stimulate Insulin secernmentOne unique and significant feature of -cells is to detect the blood glucose changes and mask insulin into extracellular milieu in response to keeping the glucose levels within the range of 4-8mM (Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2013). This is primarily accomplished by the take-up of extracellular glucose by the glucose conveyor belt 2 (Glut2 Bell et al., 1990) at the plasma membrane. Upon uptake, the intracellular glucose sensor, glucokinase (Gck), subjects glucose moieties to quick metamorphosis system by glycolysis (Matschinsky and Ellerman, 1968). This brings about the producin g of three carbon products pyruvate, which takes part in the tricarboxylic corrosive (TCA) hertz inside the mitochondrion to eventually create adenosine triphosphates (adenosine triphosphate) by means of the electron transport chain system. The ATP therefore leads to the emergence of ATP/ADP proportion in the cytoplasm, activating the closure of the ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel. Vitally, mutation in the kir6.2 subunit of this channel were demonstrated to induce neonatal diabetes in both mice and human because of loss of insulin secretion as a consequence of constitutively open KATP channel (Koster et al., 2000 Gloyn et al., 2004). It has long been agnise that glucose stimulates the closure of these KATP bring thus leading the slow menbrane depolarization (Ashcroft et al., 1984). This promotes extracellular calcium influx by voltage dependent calcium channels and potentiates the releasing of insulin (Matschinsky et al., 1998). Insulin is secreted in an oscillatory deme anor because of the blood glucose level and triggers downstream insulin signaling cascade in insulin-responsive tissues for the taking up glucose. It has well been shown that islets can be entrained to nonaged changes in glucose and thus the plasma insulin has high relative frequency of oscillation. However, this capacity of entrainment of the islets is disturbed in patients with T2D (Mao et al., 1999). It exhibits -cell malfunction because of loss of insulin secretion is a major issue during the clinical indication of T2D.1.4 Compensatory Islet Expansion During Insulin oppositeDuring the state of insulin resistance or over-weight, elevated plasma insulin levels (named hyperinsulinemia) has been found in polygenic mouse models showing insulin resistance and human subjects because of increasing of insulin secretion (Yalow and Berson, 1960 Polonsky et al., 1988 Brning et al., 1997). It has been suggested later that both in rodents and people, this improved insulin secretion is on the face of it because of an expansion in -cell mass by either -cell proliferation (Steil et al., 2001) or -cell hypertrophy (Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2004). On the other hand, -cell failure because of different genetic or environmental variables, is known to cause declined plasma insulin levels in diabetics (Maclean and Ogilvie, 1955). It has been showed that lessened levels of insulin are often associated with a noteworthy loss of -cell mass because of -cell apoptosis (Butler et al., 2003 Rhodes, 2005).Other than the diabetes perspective, it has been demonstrated that matured -cells have long life-span and low proliferative rates at steady state. This is because of a potential limitation of the entry of matured -cells into cell cycle (Teta et al., 2005 Kushner, 2013). Other than this perception, later study suggested that adult -cells do have the ability to proliferate (Stolovich-Rain et al., 2012). In light of these findings on -cell proliferation, a few research groups have reveal ed various proteins essential for assisting -cell proliferation on knockout or transgenic mouse. know cell cycle controllers including Cyclins D1 and D2, Cyclin subordinate kinase 4 (Cdk4), Cdk inhibitors (CKIs) such as Cip/ catch some Zs and INK4, transcription factors Retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53, have been proved on genetic mouse models as regulators of -cell proliferation and survival (Heit et al., 2006).Although transient high glucose has been considered as the result of insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance, it has also been revealed to promote the compensate -cell mass expansion (Bonner-Weir et al., 1989). This speculation was further supported recently by another observation, that it is the glucose metabolism, instead the glucose itself that triggers compensatory -cell proliferation in vivo (Porat et al., 2011). Some other attentions have been centered on the effect of energizing of insulin/IRS2 pathway on driving -cell proliferation. The components of the pat hway including IRS2 (Withers et al., 1998) and AKT (Bernal-Mizrachi et al., 2001) were demonstrated to be implicit in(p) for -cell survival. Moreover, study has shown that the impact of insulin in -cell proliferation is even stronger when with hyperglycemia (Paris et al., 2003). It is notable that when in the state of severe insulin resistance, the pancreatic islets adjust themselves to meet the expanding requirement for producing and secretion more insulin by increasing their -cell mass (Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2004). Other than the involvement of protein coding genes, a few non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mostly microRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), have been shown in the diabetogenes list, adding on to the complex genetic architecture of human diabetes.2.1 The Brief History of MicroRNAsThe most recent decade has seen huge attention regarding a new and special class of little ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating the social structure and function of -cells. With the first obser vation of a miRNA, lin-4 in C. elegans, researchers showed how a gene product encodes two little RNAs, instead of a protein. Besides, they demonstrated that these small RNAs binds to the compensatory sites at the 3 end of untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14, a development related to heterochronic gene. This interaction is appeared to negatively regulate the expression of lin-14 by blocking its variant (Lee et al., 1993 Wightman et al., 1993), proposing miRNAs as negative regulators of gene expression.Even since the discovery of microRNAs, a conduct of related research results have updated the mechanism of gene regulation to a novel level. miRNAs now are known as a group of small ncRNAs of 21-22 nucleotides long that can complementary or non-complementary base-pairing the template RNA of protein coding genes, thus to regulate their expression at post-transcriptional level (Bartel, 2004 and 2009). Actually after the identification of lin-4, another miRNA called let-7 was revealed like lin-4 in both biogenesis and function level. Soon after, there starts a prevail in discovering new microRNASs mostly by high throughput sequencing technologies in research area and surprisingly, about 30,000 miRNA over about 200 species have been identified, which includes about 2,500 mature human miRNAs. (Kozomara and Griffiths-Jones, 2014). umpteen computational methods have also been produced to predict the potential targets of miRNAs based on the stable miRNA-target mRNA binding model (Lewis et al., 2003 Krek et al., 2005).2.2 MicroRNA Induced Gene SilencingThe intercellular gene silencing mechanism, termed as RNA silencing (RNAi) or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is currently well known to be led by a group of small RNAs, for example, short interfering RNA (siRNA), piwi interacting RNA (piRNA), or the miRNAs. Basically, their working mechanisms are similar and the difference exist mostly in their biogenesis inside the cells (Ender and Meister, 2010). Mature mi RNA producing has been through several timbers transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase II, primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) has much longer sequence. at a time transcribed, the pri-miRNA is further touch to precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) about 60 nucleotides long by enzyme Dorsa and DGCR8 protein complex (Lee et al., 2003). Once pre-miRNAs are produced inside the core group, it will be export out of the nucleus by protein Exportin 5 to the cytoplasm in a Ran-GTP dependent manner (Lund et al., 2004). Another important enzyme, which is also critical for mouse development, Dicer would recognize the pre-miRNA and service it to about 22 nucleotides long mature miRNA duplex form (Bernstein et al.,2003). single one of stands of the duplex will be transported to miRNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by Dicer, and the other strand, termed miRNA* is usually degraded in the end (Schwarz et al., 2003 Ender Meister, 2010).There are several components on the RISC, and one key protein component is AGO family. There are four well characterized members of AGO family in human AGO1, AGO2, AGO3 and AGO4. And AGO2 is expressed more often than other forms (Su et al., 2009 Wang et al., 2012). All the AGO proteins have the ability to diagonal mRNA because of their PAZ and PIWI cleavage domains under the guidance of miRNA sequence. Each miRNA has an important generator region, typically from 2nd-7th nucleotides, that could fully or partially bind to the mRNA 3 UTR sequence. The base pairing condition between the miRNA and target mRNA determines the target recognition and binding of miRISC, but also the fate of the mRNA- to be cleaved or to be repressed in translation. In animal system, the miRNA does not fully complementary bind to the 3 UTR of the target mRNA, through blocking the translation machinery, miRNA silencing the gene expression, without interference of the target stability. However, recent studies on the miRNA mediated gene silencing in mammalian cells reveals that miRNA may act through two step modes at first, repressing the translation, then deadenylation and destabilization of target mRNA 27qualifier. The deadenylation has been suggested to induce mRNA degradation 48 and translation inhibition is probably the requisite of mRNA degradation in mammalian cells 49.

The Green Mile by Stephen King Essays -- Film Movies

The Green Mile by Stephen KingSummary bottom Coffey is brought to insentient Mountain accused of rape and murder. It becomes known that he has a bettering touch. Paul Edgecombe, the superintendent, has sympathy for Coffey and later finds out that Coffey is indeed innocent, that can find no way to stop the execution. Coffey proclaimed that he wanted to go and thus allowed Paul to accept Coffeys fate as he must, and go on with his life.Central Characters Paul Edgecombe, probably over 100, narrator, was the head of E block (death row) at Cold Mountain Penitentiary. Paul faces an internal make do between what his job wants him to do and what he sometimes knows is the right thing. Kind and gentle, he recounts this episode of his life from Georgia Pines, his retirement home. John Coffey is a huge, potent black man but is very slow in the genial sense, brought into a situation where death surrounds him, yet he has the power to heal by his own touch.Other Characters Dean Stanton, Harry Terwilliger, Brutus Howell, and Percy Wetmore were all guards on E block. Percy was the most significant he was a banty-rooster sort of guy. He liked to pick fights. He represented the fears of Paul Edgecombe. Though it is non obvious at the beginning, it becomes clearer as Paul ages. Toot-Toot was portrayed as a jester to lighten the mood of the story. His humor is what kept the other guards sane. Hal (Warden) Moores was the warden of Cold Mountain Penitentiary. Melinda Moores, Hals wi...

Emily Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop For Death Essay -- Because

Emily Dickinsons Because I could not stop for Death is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. Critics call Emily Dickinsons poem a masterpiece with strange haunting power. In Dickinsons poem, Because I could not stop for Death, there is much impression in the tone, in symbols, and in the use of imagery that exudes creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone in Dickinsons poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives soft and passedto create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, We slowly droveHe knew no haste / We passed the School / We passed the Setting Sun, sets a slow, quiet, calm, and moonlit atmosphere (5, 9, 11, 12). One thing that impresses us, one author wrote, is the remarkable placidity, or composure, of its tone (Greenberg 128). The tone in Dickinsons poem will purge its readers ideas on a unifying track heading towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinsons masterpiece lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which draw her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of the School, Gazing Grain, Setting Sun, and the Ringmuch is gathered to complete the poems central idea. Emily brought to light the mysteriousness of lifespans cycle. Ungraspable to many, the cycle of ones life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has trine stages and then a final stage of eternity. These three stages are recognised by Mary N. ...

Colonizing Planets other than Earth Essay -- Mars Colony space explora

Earth has a population of more than 6 billion people. As this number continues to grow, the populated land masses train up, and it seems that eventually they testament all be overcrowded. Certain beas are already showing this overpopulation, such as large American cities including Los Angeles and New York City. slightly countries do not suffer from overcrowding due to high population, but to a high ratio of population to resources. As the natural resources of an area are depleted, the quality of life of the people who live at that place decreases. If the human lam is to prosper as a whole, at that place essential be adequacy resources to support the global population. In order to support our increasing population, we must learn to harness new resources.Some scientists are con fountring the possibilty of learning to sojourn other planets. This plan includes a process called terraforming, which is defined as transforming a planet into something resembling the demesne, espec ially as regards to human habitation. This is widely apprehension of as Science Fiction - but 50 years ago so was just near everything that is commonplace today. What alternatives do we wear? Are there any planets out there that are like enough to earth that they could be so transformed?The body most commonly thought of in association with terraforming is mar. There are several reasons Mars is looked upon favorably. The sobriety on Mars is about 0.38 g, compared to 1 g on Earth. It is believed that piece could live in such a gravity without any side effects like bone shrinkage. The day on Mars is about 24.5 hours, compared to 24 hours on Earth. This means that there wouldnt be any rude problems relating to day length. There are large quantities of rust (FE203) which woul... ...sing the temperature by 10 K to start this whole process wouldnt be enough to frame a comfortable climate. The savage dust storms on Mars will still exist, as well as some carbon dioxide. It seems ther e are many different ideas for what sort of material would be demand to construct a usable biodome. Over the years people have speculated over the use of glass, metal, plastic, etc.It is speculated that once the process of terraforming is begun, it will condition decades to complete. With the technology we have available to us today, the scientific community is split up as to whether it will ever be possible.Works CitedOn To Mars http//www.geocities.com/marsterraformingThe Nine Planets http//www.nineplanets.orgRed Colony http//www.redcolony.comNasa http//www.nasa.govThe Terraforming Information pages http//www.users.globalnet.co.uk/mfogg

China’s Most-Favored-Nation Trade Status Essay -- essays research pape

chinas Most-Favored-Nation Trade Status If the united States is going to stand by and let China break the agreement that we have set thusly what is the point of having rules or laws in the first place? If we can presume the fact that China is breaking our laws then we can also see that this behavior can very well lead to a enjoin of anarchy and lawlessness. These ar all things that are breed by a lack of law, and also facilitated by a lack of proper enforcement of our new laws. This is a warning also for the future as we show China that the United States will not stand for the flagrant breaking of its laws. United States policymakers employ economic sanctions not only to equalize trade and coronation disputes, but also to reach non-economic policy objectives. This has been especially true with enjoy to China. Currently, the United States imposes the following economic sanctions on China. Restrictions on export licenses are things that the United States may deny if it was det ermined that the product could make a direct and significant contribution to the development of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, electronic and submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, nuclear power projection, and air superiority. This restriction was move on China on November 23, 1984. Another restriction placed on China dealt with the withholding of generalized system of preferences status. Section 502(b)(1) of the Trade cultivate of 1974 prevents the President of the United Sta...

Electoral College Essay -- Political Science

According to critics, the electoral College is a faulty arranging that should be abolished and replaced by direct preference. Supporters of the Electoral College system make convincing arguments that it is the outgo system to decide the chairial election in a complex society such as the join States. Many scholars place the Electoral College into a historical context by discussing its evolution and sustenance throughout the history of the United States. This paper leave discuss the main arguments made by supporters of the Electoral College System.I testament first provide a description of the Electoral College and offer justifications as to why it was conceived by the Founding Fathers. Next, I will present major arguments from the critics of the Electoral College. In the third section, I will present the findings from proponents of the Electoral College. Finally I will conclude by synthesizing the arguments made by both opponents and proponents I also will present research que stions that were raised(a) while working on the paper and finally, I will emphasis the importance of the Electoral College and explain why I think it is the best system we have to elect the President.The Electoral College system is a form of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president. It was one of the close to difficult agenda items in the 1787 Convention, where delegates were trying to create a carnival and equitable way of selecting our President. As we would expect, there were numerous suggestions. For example, some delegates urged that the President should be selected by the Legislature while opposing delegates, in estimate of direct election, believed that the Presidents loyalty would be to the Legislature instead of being free lance in... ...ring Constitutional Conflicts. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .9.Haas, Karen L. 2010 Election Results and Vote Counts. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. house of Representatives. 3 June 2011. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .10.Reed, Lawrence W. Keep the Electoral College Mackinac Center. 6 Mar. 2001. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .11.Vita, Matthew, and Helen Dewar. The Framers, Federalism, and matchless Person, One Vote. JSTOR. 17 Nov. 2000. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .12.Longley, Robert. Why Keep the Electoral College? About.com US Government Info. US Government Info. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .

Deriving Awe :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Deriving AweHaving become deeply compelled by the ability of evolutionary theory to insure a story that consumes or subsumes all others, I have followed the story of deepen back beyond the origin of life, beyond the formation of the solar system, back to a point where the first something came into existence. though it may not do so for every iodineness, the story even allows me iodin more step along this rewinding trajectory, a step toward rejecting the need for whatsoever endeavor or plan by upholding the power of random change to produce order. I have found it very useful to tell a story in which the absolute truth is sulphur. This is not to burn the phenomenally intricate, ordered and interdependent systems that organize matter in our universe, hardly rather to understand creation in terms of an infinite prop of possibility through which navigation occurs fueled by random change. My story, then, becomes one in which the Beginning is really just the beginning of one data track through the infinite dimensions of possibility, or what Daniel Dennett calls design space (Dennett 1995). Order or design does not rely on the Word or intention but is produced as changes accumulate and become directed by one another, restricting and refining a particular branching journey among the possibilities.Thus, orbit backwards along the story of evolution I grasp randomness and a Wordless beginning. Reaching forward into new designs and increasing complexity I suddenly encounter human agency and imagination and I am catapulted into the possibility of transcending design space. If a brain were truly undefendable of non-algorithmic activity, and if we have such brains, and if our brains are themselves the products of an algorithmic process...an algorithmic process (natural plectron in its various levels and incarnations) creates a non-algorithmic subprocess of subroutine, turning the whole process (evolution up to and including...brains) into a non-algorithmic proce ss after all. This would be a cascade of cranes creating, eventually, a real skyhook (Dennett 1995)This argument suggests that natural selection of random change (AKA cranes) has created a skyhook- something that exists independently of and has the power to manipulate evolutionary processes. It defends the refusal to believe that human agency, drop by the wayside will, meaning, responsibility, etc. are all reducible and ultimately adaptive illusions. Yet, even desirous we are of such a defense, the very ability to accredit and interpret that we seek to uphold as a human superiority of evolution must also cause us to recognize the flaws in this attempt to secure a degree of evolutionary removal.

Life Of A Computer Programmer :: Careers Jobs

Imagine having a reckoner without running softw ar. Computers would be slightly pointless without programs to run it. there would be no directions in the computer to tell it how to run, where to run, and what to do. A computer would have the ability to turn on, but a blank screening would be the only thing to appear on a monitor. I am sure that the question of Who creates these programs? has run through many minds in the past. These programs aid you in typing papers, connect you to the Internet, send information to contrary computers, or provide an interface for games that help to occupy your time. Computer programmers are the individuals that create and work with these programs. On a broad scale, computer programmers carry through the programs, test the programs, and then maintain the programs that millions of people use daily (Computer computer programming 243-249). The every day duties of a computer programmer allow in examine work requests from system analysts, underst anding the problem and the sought after resolution, choosing an appropriate approach, and plan an outcome that will tell the mechanism what to do to produce the desired results. Programmers must be experienced in high levels of mathematics, computer science, and programming languages. A programmer must also have experience with diminutive thinking, reading comprehension, and deductive reasoning. Programmers need to master these subjects, since they write in a language different from everyday English or French.Many different types of programming languages are used to write programs for computers. The languages are called codes. Some of the languages include C++, Visual Basic, Java, XML, Perl, HTML, and COBOL. Each of the languages differs from each other, and each is used for particularized program jobs. HTML and JAVA are languages used to build electronic network pages for the Internet. Perl and XML can produce codes that block students from getting on certain irrelevant web p ages on their school server. One of the most prominent programming languages of the day would have to be C++.

The Successful Repositioning of Lucozade Essay -- GCSE Business Manage

The Successful Repositioning of LucozadeLucozade has palmyly repositioned itself in the market. Describeand analyse the selling strategy used by the business to increaseprofit?A recent report on the UK Market for sports and efficacy drinks showedthat the category has proceed to grow at an explosive rate with morethan 20 launches and relaunches in that market alone last year.Probably one of the most successful relaunches of the 1990s was therepositioning of Lucozade from a health drink to a sports drink.Lucozade is straight off one of the most widely recognized brands in Britain,but it has interpreted a long time to get, so we have to ask ourselves Howdid this expire?Lucozade has been around since the 1920s and was originally sold asglocozade glucose based energy drink for unappeasable children. Later it wasrebranded as lucozade and again marketed as a health drink, somethingyou would drink when your energy levels needed boosting such as whenyou were sick or visiting someone in hospital who was sick again youwould take them a bottle of lucozade. However from the 1990s lucozaderebranded and also across-the-board their brand name Lucozade sport and laterLucozade energy, this rebrand happened for a reason and was lift off of astrategic marketing campaign to coincide with changes in heapsperception of work, sport and general social attitudes.More much than not, it is social changes, technology and sciencethat push a product in a certain direction...

The Debate over Same Sex Marriage Essay -- Politics Political Essays

The Debate all over Same Sex MarriageLegislation is deeply entrenched in language and the continual process of interpretation. Laws are created as a result to cultural and societal needs, wants and norms and are restructured and interpreted as these desires and standards change over time. The importance of the words chosen and the syntax used in wander to translate societys standards into edict are amplified over time because they are ceaselessly deconstructed, examined, and analyzed. As these laws are applied to and challenged by society, policymakers must examine them and accordingly change them through discourse and dialogue. As current sentiments towards union are changing and shifting, policymakers must begin to examine our nations legislation that dictates how marriage industrial plant in our country. They must attempt to create a policy that is honourable and constitutional which at the same time accurately represents the majoritys opinions. The issue of same-sex ma rriage became relevant in the recent resource due to the actions of courts and local officials in both(prenominal) California and Massachusetts. President Bush proposed an Amendment that would limit marriage rights to barely heterosexual couples in all alleges. some government officials felt that this was extra due to the success of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which commode Kerry, who would come to go along against George W. Bush in 2004, spoke out against. The Act passed through both the House and Senate with resounding majorities. Because of the media attention of the same-sex marriage debate in this election year, constituents of both parties have examined the arguments that both Bush and Kerry have made for and against legislation which limits marriage rights. By examini... ... human element of the marriage debate, liberals like John Kerry can appeal to the section of the American population which is concerned with the rescue and expansion of a citizens rights bu t the traditionalist approach of playing into the weaknesses and fears of conservative heterosexual faction of American population, they can offer a scapegoat. Many people believe this issue was brought into the spotlight in order to appropriate people from the deplorable condition of Bushs war in Iraq. It provided the conservative composition an enemy against whom it could rally. It provided a cohesion to conservatives everywhere that was lost due to the state of the war. By examining the ways in which each candidate structured on that point argument considering same-sex marriage legislation, one can gain insight into the interplay surrounded by the two parties on a national and a personal level.

The Art of Ancient Rome :: Essays Papers

The Art of antediluvian Rome The papistic sculptures and architectures were greatly influenced by the Hellenics and also some effects by the Etruscans. romishs were influenced mostly by Greek art in some a(prenominal) ways. It was because the variety of paintings, sculptures, and the different mood of early architectures presented in every layover of Roman history. They had pasted and copied many art works from the early Greek to body-build up their empire. Although the Etruscans had contributed and influenced the Roman in some ways much(prenominal)(prenominal) as educated them to build fortifications, bridges, drainage systems, and aqueducts but their underst6anding on both the art and language is comfort limited to the Greek.The differences between the art of Roman and opposite civilizations were that every Roman arts whether were sculptures or architectures had served some purposes and contend certain roles in the nonchalant lives of Roman citizens. For example, Romans love to build exquisite concrete building with the vault systems. The small building which was called the bay (Pg. 105). This fantastic system helps to construct much fine and greatest architecture for Romans such as the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, the Colosseum and the basilica of Constantine. The Pantheon of Rome was also an new(prenominal) big example of fine Roman structure. These structures were often used for religion matters, mankind meetings and entertainment for every Roman citizen. If any Roman citizens wanted to build some fun, they would attend the Colosseum and watched the gladiatorial game or a series of chariot race. If some other citizens wanted to seek God or certain deity, they would likely to go to the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. In fact, architectures were significant in the lives of Roman citizens. On the other hand, the Roman sculptures were also significant. They display the heritages and traditions for e very Romans and played an important role in the history of Rome.The Art of Ancient Rome Essays PapersThe Art of Ancient Rome The Roman sculptures and architectures were greatly influenced by the Greeks and also some effects by the Etruscans. Romans were influenced mostly by Greek art in many ways. It was because the variety of paintings, sculptures, and the different style of early architectures presented in every period of Roman history. They had pasted and copied many art works from the early Greek to build up their empire. Although the Etruscans had contributed and influenced the Roman in some ways such as educated them to build fortifications, bridges, drainage systems, and aqueducts but their underst6anding on both the art and language is still limited to the Greek.The differences between the art of Roman and other civilizations were that every Roman arts whether were sculptures or architectures had served some purposes and played certain roles in the daily live s of Roman citizens. For example, Romans love to build small concrete building with the vaulting systems. The small building which was called the bay (Pg. 105). This unique system helps to construct much fine and greatest architecture for Romans such as the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, the Colosseum and the Basilica of Constantine. The Pantheon of Rome was also another striking example of fine Roman structure. These structures were often used for religion matters, public meetings and entertainment for every Roman citizen. If any Roman citizens wanted to have some fun, they would attend the Colosseum and watched the gladiatorial game or a series of chariot race. If some other citizens wanted to seek God or certain deity, they would likely to go to the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. In fact, architectures were significant in the lives of Roman citizens. On the other hand, the Roman sculptures were also significant. They displayed the heritages and traditions fo r every Romans and played an important role in the history of Rome.

Beauty Behind The Brushstrokes Essay -- China Culture Art Papers

dish aerial Behind The BrushstrokesChinese chirography, the ancient Chinese art of writing, has been around for as long as the history of China. Through thousand of years of evolution, more movements and forms have been developed and established, namely the zhuan, li, kai, xing and cao styles (shu). Different styles express different personalities and atomic number 18 used for different purposes and at different times. But the underlying peach of Chinese calligraphy, regardless of its style, lies in its expression of thoughts and feelings of the calligrapher and ultimately, the spontaneous rejoinder from the viewers mind. still, these styles, with different degrees of variation in forms, possess varied directs of expressiveness. The different level of expressiveness lies in the varaition of forms and the degree of variation. Zhuan shu and li shu are mainly for official literature and zhuan shu is the precedent of li shu. Li shu follows a certain strict prescription with min imal variations in the writings, and because it is not very capable of expressing the thoughts and feelings of the calligrapher. However it is not until the materialization of li shu that this ancient form of writing toilette be considered as an art form with the capability of expressing ones feelings and thoughts, due to its flexibleness and indefinite forms. Kai shu evolves from these two precedents and is the most commonly used style immediately due to its regular forms and legibility. However due to its slightly stricter prescription, it allows fewer variations and hence is less capable of exuding the calligraphers emotions and personalities. But with an injection of motion or carry in kai shu, the words become more fluid and indefinite. Such style is named xing shu, which is more ... ...of thoughts and feelings, which are all merely preludes, lies the climax of the symphony of Chinese brushstrokes- the silent dialogue between human minds and their surroundings. Works Cited S.H Khoo and Nancy L. Penrose. Behind the Brushstrokes Tales from Chines Calligraphy. capital of Singapore Graham Brash Pte Ltd, 1993. Jean Francoise Billeter. The Chinese Art of Writing. New York Rizzoli world(prenominal) Publication, Inc, 1990. A.H Maslow. Towards a Psychology of Being. New York John Wiley and Sons, 1968. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Why Write? In Critical Theory Since Plato ed. Hazard Adams. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1971. Best, David. The Rationality of opinion Understanding the Arts in Education. London The Falmer Press, 1992. Abstracted Works of calligraphyChiang Yee. Chinese Calligraphy. Singapore Graham Brash, 1938

causes of the great depression Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression was a decade of poverty for many coupled States citizens. Starting in 1929, The Great Depression was a rough condemnation not only for the U.S. barely for many other countries. There are many causes for the Depression but the main cause was the combination of the greatly un commensurate distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s and the extensive stock market place speculation(Gusmorino, 1). Other causes were the unsteadiness of the stock market, short signed economic policies, overdependence on mass production, consumer spending, advertising, welfare capitalism, and high tariff. The effect on the country of the mental unsoundness in the economy threw the U.S. into an era of negativity. How did the United States go from the roaring mid-twenties to The Great Depression? It was all based on deflation and the crash of the economy. A good example of uneven distribution of wealth was Henry traverses yearly income of $14 billion the same year that the add up income was $750. Another contributor to the uneven distribution was the government. Calvin Coolidge favored businesses therefore favoring the wealthy who invested in these businesses. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. What happened in the 1920s was an oversupply of goods. This resulted in the middle-class needing more but not being able to afford more while the u didnt want to buy more goods. Three quarters of the U.S. cosmos spent almost all of their yearly incomes to purchase consum...